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Notes for Bachelors in Computer Application For Free

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 Bachelors in Computer Application Notes For Free
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Cyber Attack Map Live !

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Cyber Attack Map:----  
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How many ways to send information over Internet ?

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 How many ways to send information over Internet ?         Computers and cables are only half the story . To do anything productive with the internet, you also need software to manage the information and it about. Otherwise, it's just going to sit on a computer, taking up space.       People have all kind of information they want to share, including facts, figures, stories, pictures, sounds and programs, and all kinds of ways to share it. some information is private and need to go to a specific person.Some can be made available to everyone. Some things are only  relevant for a short period and must be transmitted quickly.Other may be  useful for years to come.if you're inviting a friends to meet you for lunch, you don't want to immortalise your plans in a public forum. the restaurant,on the other hand might want to advertise  its manu to everyone , 24 hours a day.     There are many diffrent ways to send informa...
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Government Influence of Malaysia

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  Government Influence of Malaysia           Although the federal government promotes private enterprises and ownership in the economy, the economic direction of the country was heavily influenced by the government through five years development plans since independence. The economy was also influenced by the government through agencies such as the Economic Planning Unit and government-linked wealth funds such as Khazanah Nasional Berhad, Employees Provident Fund and Pemodalan Nasional Berhad.             The government's development plans, called the Malaysian Plan, currently the Ninth Malaysia Plan, started in 1950 during the British colonial rule. The plans were largely centred around accelerating the growth of the economy by selectively investing in selective sectors of the economy and building infrastructure to support said the sectors. For example, in the current national plan, three sectors - agriculture, manufacturing a...
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Sovereign Wealth Funds of Malaysia

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  Sovereign Wealth Funds of Malaysia            The government owns and operates several sovereign wealth funds that invests in local ompanies and also foreign companies. One such fund is Khazanah Nasional Berhad which was established in 1993. Its objective is to help shape selected strategic industries in Malaysia and develop those investments for the benefit of Malaysia. The fund invested in major companies in Malaysia such as Proton Holdings in the automotive sector, CIMB in the banking sector, Pharmaniaga in the medical sector, UEM Group in the construction sector, Telekom Malaysia in the communications industry and many other companies in many other industries. It is estimated that the fund size of Khazanah Nasional stands at around 19 billion USD. Another fund that is owned by the Malaysian government is the Employees Provident Fund which is claimed to be the fourth largest state run pension fund in Asia. Like Khazanah Nasional, the EPF invests a...
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Subsidies and Price Controls of Malaysia

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  Subsidies and Price Controls of Malaysia           The Malaysian government subsidizes and control prices on a lot of essential items to keep the prices low. Items such as palm oil, cooking oil, petrol, flour, bread, rice and other essentials has been kept under market prices to keep cost of living low. In 2008, the government announced that it has spent RM40.1 billion in 2007 in subsidies to keep prices levelled. Smuggling and hoarding, which led to shortages, is a prominent problem in Malaysia due to the subsidies. For example, cooking oil is subsidised for domestic use only. This situation creates an environment where industrial players hoard domestic cooking oil for industrial use. During shortage time, such as the January 2008 cooking oil crisis, the government imposed a 5 kg limit for each purchase to relief domestic demand. However, the limited purchase has created more panic in buying, which prompted the Government to negotiate with cooking oil ma...
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What is Investment Regulations and Policy Framework of Malaysia ?

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  Investment Regulations and Policy Framework of Malaysia             Despite of the fact that the NEP goal of 30 per cent foreign ownership was not reached in 1990. The Malaysian government encourages FDI in most industrial areas. This is particularly true when opportunities for Bumiputras are enhanced. Moreover, export enhancing FDI has been denoted as the engine to growth in the private sector (Jayasankaran 1995: 44).     Major Investment Incentives               Malaysian FDI incentives are in close coherence with the economic policy framework and can be considered competitive in comparison to other nations. The liberalization processes in foreign exchange controls and in trade together with stable political and economic conditions, served as major incentives to FDI. In addition, there are major tax incentives through the Pioneer Status and Investment Tax Allowance. The Pioneer Status, gives a foreign in...
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Excange Regulations of Malaysia

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  Excange Regulations of Malaysia            The Exchange rate policy is an important component in the Malaysian FDI promoting framework and in general economic policy. In recent years, Malaysia has substantially opened-up its foreign exchange regime and can now be considered fairly liberal. Bank Negara does not officially peg the Ringgit to certain currencies and the currency floats. However, the bank does intervene in the foreign exchange market in order to avoid rapid fluctuations in coherence with its policy to maintain a stable value of the Ringgit. This is achieved by comparing the market value to an unknown trade-weighted basket of currencies (Bureau Of Economic Analysis 1993: 2). Bank Negara has been accused of depreciating the value of the Ringgit in order to promote exports. For instance, in 1993, the bank bought large amounts of US dollars causing the Ringit to depreciate (Cooke 1994: 3). As a result, in 1993 alone, the national bank declare...
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What is Trade Restrictions of Malaysia ?

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              What is  Trade Restrictions of Malaysia ?            According to Richards, “Malaysia has benefited considerably from its liberal trade policy" (1993: 29). Such policy has increased worldwide competitiveness through strategic exposure and promoted economic growth. Presently, Malaysia has one of the most liberal trade policies in the East Asian region. The nation's policy of liberalizing trade is not only incorporated with the WTO and AFTA objectives, but also micro-economic objectives. Reducing tariff levels will not only decrease inflationary pressures in the expanding economy but also increase the competitiveness of Malaysian industry throughout strategic exposure. Liberalization can also enhance export incentives from FDI's as seen in the nine FTZs. In line with microeconomic change, trade restrictions have been aligned with development strategies which are often based upon the notation of compar...
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Policy Frawork of Malaysia

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  Policy Frawork of Malaysia           The Malaysian economic policy framework is based upon the NEP, which was launched in 1974. The political and economic objectives of the NEP is to reduce poverty by increasing income levels for all Malaysians and to restructure the Malaysian society in order to erase all racial identification in economic terms. In other words, the NEP calls for a financial redistribution from the minority of wealthy non-Bumiputra (native Malaysians also known as “Princes of the Soil") racial groups to the Bumiputras (Goldsworthy 1991: 51). The goal is to achieve corporate equity of 30 per cent Bumiputra, 30 per cent foreign and 40 per cent other-Malaysians (Onn 1988: 8). This goal can only be facilitated with an expanding economy, so that no racial group should suffer from economic or social deprivation. Other specific economic goals include; maintain high sustainable growth, low unemployment rates and ensure the stability of economic f...
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What is New Economic Policy of Malaysia ?

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New Economic Policy of Malaysia              The Malaysian New Economic Policy (NEP or DEB for Dasar Ekonomi Baru in Malay), was an ambitious and controversial socio-economic restructuring affirmative action programme launched by the Malaysian government in 1971 under the then controversial Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak. The NEP ended in 1990, and was succeeded by the National Development Policy in 1991. Although the NEP was hailed in some quarters as having reduced the socio-economic disparity between the Chinese minority and Malay majority, others accused it of having reduced nonMalays to the status of second-class citizens by cementing ketuanan Melayu (Malay supremacy). The NEP is often invoked as part of the Malay Agenda, which is in turn part of the Malaysian social contract granting Malays special rights in return for citizenship for non-Malays. The NEP's success is a subject of heated debate. The NEP targeted a 30% share of the economy for the ...
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Monetary Policy of Malaysia

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  Monetary Policy in Malaysia             Prior to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the Malaysian ringgit was an internationalized currency, which was freely traded around the world. Just before the crisis, the Ringgit was traded RM2.50 at the dollar. Due to speculative activities, the Ringgit fell as much as RM5.00 to the dollar in matter of weeks. Bank Negara Malaysia, the nation's central banks decided to impose capital controls to prevent the outflow of the Ringgit in the open market. The Ringgit is not traded internationally, a traveller needs to declare to the central bank if taking out more than RM10,000 out of the country and the Ringgit itself was pegged at RM3.80 to the US dollar. The fixed change rate was abandoned to floating exchange rate in July 2005, hours after People's Republic of China announced the same move. At this point, the Ringgit is still not internationalized. The Ringgit continue to strengthen to 3.18 to the dollar in March 2...
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History of Economic Development in Malaysia

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  History of Economic Development in Malaysia           In 1963, Malaya along with the then-British crown colonies of Sabah (British North Borneo), Sarawak and Singapore, formed Malaysia. The Sultanate of Brunei, though initially expressing interest in joining the Federation, withdrew from the planned merger due to opposition from certain segments of its population as well as arguments over the payment of oil royalties and the status of the Sultan in the planned merger The early years of independence were marred by the conflict with Indonesia (Montrentasi) over the formation of Malaysia, Singapore's eventual exit in 1965 and racial site in the form of race riots in 1960 The Philippines also made an active claim on Sabah in that period based upon the Sultanate of Brunei's cession of its north-east territories to the Sulu Sultanate in 1704. The claim is still ongoing. After the 13 May race riots of 1969, the controversial New Economic l'olicy intended to incr...
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The Government's Economic Policy of Malaysia

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  The Government's Economic Policy of Malaysia           Malaysia is the second fastest growing economy in the outh Asian region with an average Gross National Product (GNP) growth of eight-plus per cent per vear in the last seven years. Since independence in 1957, Malaysia has moved from an agriculturally based economy a more diversified and export oriented one. The Malaysian market is Tairly openly oriented, with cantts only averaging approximately fifteen per cent and almost non existent non tanil barriers and foreign exchange controls. The open trade based economy is supported by the fact that the total two way trade almost amounts to 120 per cent of the GNP (1994). Together with a stable political environment, increasing per capita income, and the potential for regional integration throughout the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Malaysia is an attractive prospect for FDI (refer to Tables 1, 2, 3 and Graph I for relevant economic indicat...
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Full information of Malaysia's economy

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              MALAYSIA'S ECONOMY          The economy of Malaysia once relied principally on the production of raw materials for export, most importantly petroleum, natural rubber, tin, palm oil, and timber. After Malaysia gained independence in 1957, however, the development of the manufacturing sector took priority. From the mid-1970s to mid-1990s Malaysia had one of the world's fastest-growing economies, mainly due to rapid industrialization. In the late 1980s, industry replaced agriculture as the largest contributor to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The services sector, especially tourism, also drove growth. In 1991 the Malaysian government launched the ambitious “Vision 2020” programme, which envisions Malaysia attaining the status of a developed nation by 2020. Towards this goal, the government has invested heavily in modernizing the infrastructure of the Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area. The modernization is designed to...
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What is thyroid eye disease ? thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), thyroid orbitopathy, Graves’ orbitopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO).

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What is thyroid eye disease ? thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), thyroid orbitopathy, Graves’ orbitopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) ? Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an eye condition that causes the muscles and soft tissues in and around your eye socket to swell. It usually happens when you have a problem with your thyroid gland. It may also be called thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), thyroid orbitopathy, Graves’ orbitopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO). The ocular manifestation of thyroid eye diseases are manifolds. They may be present as thyrotoxicosis, lid retrac- tion, soft tissue involvement, proptosis and optic neuropathy.         The Thyrotoxicosis (Graves dis- eases)         Usually present with 3rd to 4thdecades of life, women are mostly effected than the men with involvement organ specific autoimmune disorders. Thyroid eye diseases may be present as a simple eye disco...
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Who discovered electron ? How to discovered electron ? What is cathode ray discharge tube ? What is cathode ray and cathode ray particles ? | Inorganic chemistry | Chemistry.

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                Inorganic chemistry | Chemistry   Discovery of Electron                   In 1830, Michael Faraday showed that if electricity is passed through a solution of an electrolyte, chemical reactions occurred at the electrodes, which resulted in the liberation and deposition of matter at the electrodes. These results suggested the particulate nature of electricity.           In mid 1850s many scientists mainly Faraday began to study electrical discharge in partially evacuated tubes, known as cathode ray discharge tubes . A cathode ray tube is made of glass containing two thin pieces of metal, called electrodes, sealed in it. The electrical discharge through the gases could be observed only at very low pressures and at very high voltages. The pressure of different gases could be adjusted by evacuation of the glass tubes. When sufficiently high vo...
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Who discovered proton and neutron ? How to discovered proton and neutron ? What is canal ray? What is anode ray ? | Inorganic chemistry | chemistry.

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              Inorganic Chemistry |Chemistry   Discovery of Protons and Neutrons           Electrical discharge carried out in the modified cathode ray tube led to the discovery of canal rays and anode rays carrying positively charged particles. The characteristics of these positively charged particles are listed below.      (i) Unlike cathode rays, mass of positively charged particles depends upon the nature of gas present in the cathode ray tube. These are simply the positively charged gaseous ions.       (ii) The charge to mass ratio of the particles depends on the gas from which these originate.       (iii) Some of the positively charged particles carry a multiple of the fundamental unit of electrical charge.      (iv) The behaviour of these particles in the magnetic or electrical field is opposite to that observed for electron or cathode rays. ...
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Nature as depicted in the Kalidasa's literature

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                                   Kalidasa is regarded as the most sparkling star of Sanskrit literature. He is a genius poet with extraordinary poetic talent and literary power. Kalidasa has the credit to compose three dramas, namely - Abhijnanasakuntalam', 'Malavikagnimitram' and Vikramorvasiyam'.Beside these dramas ,he also created tow Mahakavyas , viz. 'Raghuvamsam' and 'Khandakavyas , viz. Meghaduta ' and 'Ritusamhara'. All his creations are very unique and heart touching. kalidasa's descriptive power is unbeatable. he describes all the the situations so lively that when someone goes through his writings, he feels as if it were happen really .          "  M an is a child of nature .Since the dawn of human civilization man has relationship with nature. "           Ancient human civilization was intimately related w...
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What is password attacks ? How many types of password attacks ? How to keep safe your self from hacking by password attacks ?|Computer science|ethical hacking

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What is password attacks ? How many types of password attacks ? How to keep safe your self from hacking by password attacks ? Hi , my dear friends i’m goning to discuss about a toppic which terified whole world in this degital generation.so i decided to write on this toppic. Here in this topic i talk about some general quetions like - what is password attacks ? How many types of password attacks ?How to keep safe your self from hacking by password attacks ? How to be safe from them ? What is password attacks ? How many types of password attacks ? How to keep safe your self from hacking by password attacks ? Password Attacks – An attemp to obtain or decrypt a user’s password for illegal use. Hackers can use cracking programs , ddictionary attacks, and password sniffers in password attacks. Defence against password is rather limited but usually consists of a passwors policy including a minimum length , unrecognizable word , and frequent changes. Type of Password attacks -  ...
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Monetary Policy of Malaysia

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  Monetary Policy in Malaysia             Prior to the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, the Malaysian ringgit was an internationalized currency, which was freely traded around the world. Just before the crisis, the Ringgit was traded RM2.50 at the dollar. Due to speculative activities, the Ringgit fell as much as RM5.00 to the dollar in matter of weeks. Bank Negara Malaysia, the nation's central banks decided to impose capital controls to prevent the outflow of the Ringgit in the open market. The Ringgit is not traded internationally, a traveller needs to declare to the central bank if taking out more than RM10,000 out of the country and the Ringgit itself was pegged at RM3.80 to the US dollar. The fixed change rate was abandoned to floating exchange rate in July 2005, hours after People's Republic of China announced the same move. At this point, the Ringgit is still not internationalized. The Ringgit continue to strengthen to 3.18 to the dollar in March 2...
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Architecture and sculptures of Assam

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Architecture and Sculpture Assam has a rich heritage of architecture and sculpture from ancient times. The manuscripts or inscriptions, remains of temples or shrines and old mementoes remind us the rich legacy of these art forms. The stone gate of Do-parbotia at Sonitpur is the example of oldest architecture discoveree till now. We find the es- sence of early Gupta era architecture in this gate.                         Umachal Silalipi discovered on Nilachal hills at Guwahati is the oldest inscription found till date. Many palaces or me- mentoes were built in ancient Kamrup under the auspices of various royal dynasties. Most of them got ruined with the passage of time. Among them the Siddheswari temple at Kamrup district is worthy of mention. The influence of South Indian architecture is seen in this temple.          After that...
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